蘇曼特拉·戈沙爾
1.蘇曼特拉·戈沙爾生平簡介
戈沙爾1948年出生于印度加爾各達(dá),曾在印度石油公司工作,后來就讀于麻省理工學(xué)院和哈佛大學(xué)。1988年戈沙爾來到歐洲,先是在法國歐洲工商管理學(xué)院工作,1994年又到了倫敦商學(xué)院。同時(shí)他還在許多企業(yè)的董事會(huì)中任職,并被提名為管理學(xué)會(huì)、國際商學(xué)會(huì)和世界經(jīng)濟(jì)論壇成員。戈沙爾被認(rèn)為是對歐洲管理思想體系最有影響的人物之一。
He graduated from Delhi University with Physics major and at the Indian Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management[1] and worked for Indian Oil Corporation, rising through the management ranks before moving to the United States on a Fulbright Fellowship and Humphrey Fellowship[2] in 1981. Ghoshal was awarded an S.M. and a Ph.D. from the MIT Sloan School of Management in 1983 and 1985 respectively, and was also awarded a D.B.A. degree from Harvard Business School in 1986.
In 1985, he joined INSEAD Business School in France and wrote a stream of influential articles and books. In 1994, he joined the London Business School. Ghoshal was a Fellow of the Advanced Institute of Management Research (AIM) in the U.K and a Professor of Strategic and International Management at the London Business School. He served as a member of The Committee of Overseers of the Harvard Business School.[3]
2.蘇曼特拉·戈沙爾的主要管理思想
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[編輯] |
1989 年,戈沙爾與巴特萊特首次合作,出版了《跨越邊界的管理》一書,該書發(fā)展了“跨國公司”的概念,并指出,一種新的國際商業(yè)戰(zhàn)略和機(jī)構(gòu)模式正在崛起。他們提出,老式的多國公司和全球公司在全球效率和本地響應(yīng)性的呼聲推動(dòng)下已經(jīng)不得不改革了。面對全球化和本地化的選擇,公司只能同時(shí)接受這兩種策略。
戈沙爾與巴特萊特稱,這樣的結(jié)果就是跨國公司的產(chǎn)生,它兼具大公司和小公司的特性,可以同時(shí)進(jìn)行全球和地區(qū)化的運(yùn)營。與集權(quán)化和等級森嚴(yán)的結(jié)構(gòu)不同,跨國公司實(shí)行網(wǎng)絡(luò)化運(yùn)作,其遍布全球的越來越專業(yè)化的基地完美地結(jié)合在一起,相互協(xié)調(diào)運(yùn)作。他們理論體系的核心是要求經(jīng)理人具備一種心態(tài),使他們能夠跨越國界工作,整合各地的隊(duì)伍和資源,以實(shí)現(xiàn)戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)。
到上世紀(jì)90年代中期,戈沙爾與巴特萊特又合作出版《個(gè)人化公司》一書,對商業(yè)的變革做了更深入的探究。他們說,眼下正在發(fā)生一場革命,牽頭的是ABB和通用電氣這樣的先驅(qū)公司,他們不再強(qiáng)迫員工遵循嚴(yán)格的規(guī)章制度,而是對機(jī)構(gòu)本身進(jìn)行調(diào)整,使其適應(yīng)員工的才干和能力,這完全可以稱得上“個(gè)人化公司”。通過這樣做,這些公司“釋放了被企業(yè)束縛的人質(zhì)”,讓個(gè)人能有創(chuàng)新和為公司增添價(jià)值的空間。
戈沙爾說,目標(biāo)比戰(zhàn)略或體制更為重要,讓機(jī)構(gòu)的每個(gè)成員都擁有一個(gè)共同的目標(biāo)是機(jī)構(gòu)變革的關(guān)鍵。當(dāng)今最成功的大公司都認(rèn)識到了目標(biāo)的重要性,并把目標(biāo)而不是那些先入為主的公司概念和策略作為關(guān)注焦點(diǎn)。
戈沙爾已于2004年11月去世,但就在去世前不久,他提出了一個(gè)至今仍在管理學(xué)界爭論的話題。戈沙爾認(rèn)為,過去30年中各商學(xué)院學(xué)術(shù)圈中所發(fā)展的一系列理論,是最近諸多公司丑聞產(chǎn)生的根源。他的觀點(diǎn)是:“為了避免安然事件的重演,商學(xué)院并不需要做太多事情,相反,他們只要停止做一些正在做的事情就行了?!边@篇論文發(fā)表在《管理教育和學(xué)習(xí)》上,題目是《惡劣的管理理論正在破壞優(yōu)良的商業(yè)實(shí)踐》。戈沙爾認(rèn)為,如今的管理實(shí)踐中很多飽受抨擊的弊病,都可以在管理學(xué)術(shù)理論中找到根源,“我們的理論和觀點(diǎn)可能助長了我們?nèi)缃裾趨柭曌l責(zé)的管理實(shí)踐”。
比如說,商學(xué)院的理論家們把作為研究對象的人當(dāng)作“經(jīng)濟(jì)人”——理性、自私、追求效用最大化,并且認(rèn)為公司的目標(biāo)是追求股東價(jià)值的最大化。這些被奉為圭臬的假設(shè)與理論雖然能夠使商學(xué)院的教授、學(xué)者們在其基礎(chǔ)上“科學(xué)地”發(fā)展管理理論,推理出嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)?a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="數(shù)學(xué)模型">數(shù)學(xué)模型,但其本身卻有著各種各樣的缺陷,而且大多過于簡化,最重要的是,它們沒有考慮到“人的意圖與選擇的因素”。
于是,建筑在這樣的基礎(chǔ)上的種種管理理論的有效性也就令人懷疑了,它們不但稱不上科學(xué),反而會(huì)把學(xué)生們引上岐路。例如,教授們在課堂上告訴學(xué)生,不要信任公司的管理人員。因而這些學(xué)生在日后成為經(jīng)理后,也不認(rèn)為自己有義務(wù)保持嚴(yán)格的操守,對自己的行為負(fù)責(zé)。這正是那一系列的公司丑聞中的主角都是名牌商學(xué)院畢業(yè)生的原因之一。
雖然戈沙爾的這種觀點(diǎn)未免有些極端,但確實(shí)又在很大程度上引起了人們對商學(xué)院深深的反思。
3.蘇曼特拉·戈沙爾的著作和論文
- 《跨越邊界的管理》(1989)
- 《個(gè)性化公司》
- 《惡劣的管理理論正在破壞優(yōu)良的商業(yè)實(shí)踐》
- "Beyond Self-Interest Revisited" by Hector Rocha and Sumantra Ghoshal, Journal of Management Studies, 2006 Vol. 43, No. 3, pp. 585-619
- "Bad Management Theories are Destroying Good Management Practices" by Sumantra Ghoshal, Academy of Management Learning and Education, 2005 Vol. 4 Issue 1, pp. 75-91
- "Unleashing Organisational Energy" by Heike Bruch and Sumantra Ghoshal, MIT Sloan Management Review, Fall 2003 Vol. 45, No. 1, pp. 45–51
- "What is a Global Manager" by Christopher A. Bartlett and Sumantra Ghoshal, Harvard Business Review, 2003 Aug;81(8):101-108, 141
- "Managing Personal Human Capital" by Lynda Gratton and Sumantra Ghoshal, European Management Journal, 2003 vo. 21, No. 1, pp. 1-10
- "Beware the Busy Manager" by Heike Bruch and Sumantra Ghoshal, Harvard Business Review, 2002, vol. 80, No. 2, pp. 62-69
- "Strategy as a Guided Evolution" by Bjorn Lovas and Sumantra Ghoshal, Strategic Management Journal, 2000, vol. 21, No. 9, pp. 875-896
- "Management Competence, Firm Growth and Economic Progress" by Sumantra Ghoshal, M Hahn and Peter Moran, Contributions to Political Economy, Vol. 18, pp. 121-150, 1999
- "Markets, Firms, and the Process of Economic Development" by Peter Moran and Sumantra Ghoshal, The Academy of Management Review, 1999, Vol. 24, No. 3, 390-412
- "Social Capital and Value Creation: The Role of Intrafirm Networks" by Wenpin Tsai and Sumantra Ghoshal, The Academy of Management Journal, 1998 Vol. 41, No. 4, pp. 464-476
- "Social capital, intellectual capital and the organizational advantage" by Janine Nahapiet and Sumantra Ghoshal, Academy of Management Review, 1998 23(2): 242-266
- "Theories of Economic Organisation: The Case for Realism and Balance" by Peter Moran and Sumantra Ghoshal, The Academy of Management Review, 1996, Vol. 21 No. 1, pp. 58-72
- "Bad For Practice: A Critique of the Transaction Cost Theory" by Sumantra Ghoshal and Peter Moran, The Academy of Management Review, 1996 Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 13-47
- "Building the Entrepreneurial Corporation: New Organisational Processes, New Managerial Tasks" by Sumantra Ghoshal and Christopher A. Bartlett, European Management Journal, 1995 Vol. 13 No.2, pp. 139-55
- "Differentiated Fit and Shared Values: Alternatives for Managing Headquarters-Subsidiary Relations" by Nitin Nohria and Sumantra Ghoshal, Strategic Management Journal, 1994, Vol. 15, No. 6, pp. 491-502
- "Interunit Communication in Multinational Corporations" by Sumantra Ghoshal, Harry Korine and Gabriel Szulanski, Management Science, Vol. 40, No. 1, January 1994, pp. 96-110
- "Beyond the M-form: Toward a Managerial Theory of the Firm" by Christopher A. Bartlett and Sumantra Ghoshal, Strategic Management Journal, 1993 No. 14, Winter, pp. 23-46
- "Matrix Management: Not a Structure, a Frame of Mind" by Christopher A. Bartlett and Sumantra Ghoshal, Harvard Business Review, 1990 Jul-Aug; 68(4): 138-145
- "Environmental Scanning in Korean Firms: Organisational Isomorphism in Action" by Sumantra Ghoshal, Journal of International Business Studies, 1988 Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 69-86
- "Creation, Adoption, and Diffusion of Innovations by Subsidiaries of Multinational Corporations" by Sumantra Ghoshal and Christopher A. Bartlett, Journal of International Business Studies, 1988 Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 365-388